特种设备包括锅炉、压力容器、压力管道、电梯、起重机械、大型游乐设施、客运索道和场（厂）内专用机动车辆,其运行安全对保障国家经济运行和人民日常生活至关重要。在特种设备建造阶段,无损检测技术被应用于原材料生产、加工成型和焊接质量的检测与控制。在使用阶段,无损检测技术被用于及时发现设备在运行过程中出现的各种腐蚀、开裂和材料劣化等损伤和缺陷,并可根据检测结果对设备的安全状况进行评价,并对其剩余寿命进行评估。首先,论述对特种设备进行无损检测与评价的重要性和作用;其次,给出目前已成熟应用的无损检测技术和制定颁布的各类特种设备无损检测标准;然后,重点对微波、太赫兹、激光散斑、磁声发射、磁巴克豪森和磁多参数融合等适用于非金属材料检测或金属材料疲劳与蠕变等早期损伤检测的无损检测技术进行介绍,综述这些技术的原理、特点、适用范围、仪器和应用情况;最后,对未来特种设备对无损检测技术的需求进行分析和展望,指出将来需进一步开展的主要研究领域和重点任务,以便更好地保障特种设备的高质量发展和运行安全。
Abstract
Special equipment includes boilers, pressure vessels, pressure pipelines, elevators, lifting machinery, large amusement devices, passenger ropeways, and on site (factory) specialized motor vehicles, and their operational safety is crucial to ensuring the operation of the national economy and the daily lives of the people. During the construction of special equipment, non-destructive testing (NDT) technology is applied to the inspection and control of raw material production, processing and forming, and welding quality. During the usage, NDT technology is used to promptly detect various damages and defects such as corrosion, cracking, and material degradation that occur during equipment operation. Based on the testing results, the safety status of the equipment can be evaluated, and its remaining life can be assessed. Firstly, discuss the importance and role of NDT and evaluation of special equipment. Secondly, provide the currently mature NDT technologies and various NDT standards for special equipment that have been formulated and published. Thirdly, the focus is on introducing NDT techniques such as microwave, terahertz, laser speckle, magneto acoustic emission, magnetic Barkhausen, and magnetic multi parameter fusion testing technologies, which are suitable for non-metallic material detection or early damage detection such as metal material fatigue and creep. The principles, characteristics, scope of application, instruments, and application of these techniques are summarized. Finally, an analysis and outlook are provided on the demand for NDT technology in future for special equipment, highlighting the main research areas and key tasks that need to be further developed in order to better ensure the high-quality development and safe operation of special equipment.
关键词
特种设备 /
无损检测 /
无损评价 /
新技术
Key words
Special equipment /
Non-destructive testing /
Nondestructive evaluation /
Emerging technique
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基金
国家重点研发计划国家质量基础设施体系专项“电磁与光多参数阵列成像工业无损检测关键技术研究及系统研制”项目04课题“电磁与光多参数阵列成像系列检测工艺和标准”（2023YFF0615104）
